EDS results show that with the increase in aging time, there is an increase in O element and a decrease in C element in the low-temperature air environment. and transmitted securely. Changes in C and O element content of different samples. At the same time, natural rubber has a huge advantage over fossil-based polymers in terms of environmental friendliness. SBR is mostly used in tires and seals for non-mineral oil based applications. The cross-sectional morphologies changed little in the aging cycle, indicating that the environment has little effect on the adhesion of the rubber matrix. For example, if you need to find rubber compression properties, rubber weather resistance or even rubber ozone resistance for your O-rings, you can find the best combination of elastomer properties by using this O-ring material guide for your application. Zhang L.B. An Overview of Post Irradiation Examination (PIE) Techniques. Figure 9 shows the change curve of the C and O element content with aging time under three different environments. Before 8600 Rockville Pike Tensile strength and tear strength decreased by 34.9% and 24.7% in the low-temperature air environment. Effect of thermal oxygen aging on mechanical properties and tribological behavior of nitrile butadiene rubber. Nitrile has good mechanical properties and high wear resistance relative to other elastomers. It allows users to collect data on the size and speed of falling particles. hb```l"B Yan Y.Y. ; funding acquisition, Project of Jiangsu Provincial Construction Engineering Administration. Mechanical properties of aging rubber waterstop in low-temperature air environment. Li B., Li S.X., Zhang Z.N. Tensile strength and tear strength decreased by 19.1% and 23.3% in the low-temperature water environment. How to Reduce Marine Plastic Waste and Reduce Economic and Social Costs. endstream endobj startxref The DW40 refrigerating test chamber was produced by Nanjing Sibenke Experiment Co (China). The vulcanized rubber used in this study mainly consisted of polyisoprene (9295% of cis1,4-polyisoprene) which was produced by Hebei Jingjia Rubber products Co., Ltd. (China). The loading speed of the testing machine was set to 500 mm/min [17,18]. Talking about the application of rubber waterstop in water conservancy projects. In the low-temperature water environment, the infrared spectrum of rubber after aging is similar to that in the low-temperature air environment. First of all, natural rubber is derived from rubber trees, while fossil-based polymers are derived from petroleum by-products, which means that natural rubber is inexhaustible and fossil-based polymers are limited. In the above studies, the environment of rubber aging was mostly set to high temperature and high oxygen or lack of microscopic testing and mechanism analysis. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Due to the ever-increasing demand for energy, the demand for nuclear fuel has also increased, which has further created a significant increase in the requirement for post-irradiation examination (PIE) techniques. After reaching the aging time, the specimens were taken out and placed indoors for 24 h. The tensile strength, elongation and tear strength were tested by an electronic universal tensile testing machine. In water conservancy and hydro-power projects, considering that concrete cannot be continuously poured, construction joints, settlement joints and deformation joints are needed in order to adapt to the deformation of foundation and the deformation caused by the change in temperature. This article provides an end-of-life assessment of lithium-ion batteries, focusing on the recycling of an ever-growing amount of spent Li-Ion batteries in order to work toward a sustainable and circular approach to battery use and reuse. Corrosion deterioration of metallic alloysexposed to the atmosphere or other adverse conditions is prevented using a variety of techniques. More info. Butyl has a very low permeability rate making it a great seal under vacuum. ; formal analysis, S.L. The universal O-ring. It shows that the CH bond and =CH slowly weaken, and CO appears on the molecular chain. Shen H.Q. The temperature of the freezer test chamber was set to 25 C, and then the 5 groups of specimens were aged in the freezing test chamber for 18 days, 36 days, 54 days, 72 days and 90 days, respectively. Compression set of waterstop in three different environments. Technol. After 90 days, the surface became rougher as the protrusion on the surface increased, and the stepped stratification phenomenon became more obvious. As shown in Figure 7b, after 36 days aging under low-temperature air environment, the additive particles on the surface completely disappeared, but many protrusions appeared, and the surface of the specimen became abnormally uneven. The compression specimen was put into the compression permanent deformer to make its compression rate reach 2328%. Butyl also has good electrical, shock dampening properties. If you need an account, pleaseregister here. The x axis represents the aging time, and the y axis represents the content of the elements. Unless they are specially compounded, nitrile is not resistant to weathering, sunlight and ozone. Tensile specimens were I type dumbbell shaped with a thickness of 2.0 mm 0.2 mm as shown in Figure 2. 637 0 obj <>stream South North Water Diversion. Development status and Prospect of natural rubber technology in China. Figure 8 shows the cross-sectional morphologies of the tensile test pieces in the low-temperature air environment and low-temperature water environment. ; methodology, S.L. Li Bo et al. In the low-temperature air environment, the content of the C element decreased by 4.77% while the content of O element increased by 45.0% after 72 days; the oxidation reaction suddenly became faster from 72 days to 90 days, the content of C element decreased by 13.98% and the content of the O element increased by 105.0% after 90 days. GB/T 5282009 Petroleum and Chemical Industry Association of China, Rubber, Vulcanizedor Thermoplastic-Determination of Tensile Stress-Strain Properties. At the same time, many protrusions appeared on the surface of the rubber waterstop, the C element gradually decreased, and the O element gradually increased. ; software, S.L. It can be seen that increasing the aging time led to a decrease in the C element and a concurrent increase in the O element in the rubber waterstop. It can be seen from Table 1 and Table 2, Figure 4 and Figure 5 that the tensile strength, elongation, tear strength and compression permanent deformation of the rubber waterstop decreased in the low-temperature environment. Has excellent resistance to petroleum oils and fuels. Study on thermal oxygen aging properties of different rubber materials. Highly resistant to ozone and weathering. Compared with the natural environment, the oxidation reaction of the rubber waterstop in the low-temperature environment was slower. Secondly, the performance of fossil-based polymers in degradability and recycling is worse than that of natural rubber. Selecting this option will search the current publication in context. Here you will find a rubber properties chart for all popular rubber materials. Infrared spectra of low-temperature water environment. As shown in Figure 7df, in the low-temperature water environment, the surface morphology of the specimens protruded, and after 54 days, the rubber surface appeared stepped stratification. Selecting this option will search all publications across the Scitation platform, Selecting this option will search all publications for the Publisher/Society in context, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, Mechanical properties of natural rubber composites reinforced with cellulose fibers, Industrial Products Research Institute, 114 Higashi, Tsukubashi, Ibaraki 305, Japan, Royal Institute of Technology, Department of Polymer Technology, S100 44, Stockholm, Sweden. Silicones also has good resistance to ozone, weather and is also a good insulator. Mechanical properties of aging rubber waterstop in low-temperature water environment. Additionally, the damaged specimens were tested by scanning electron microscope, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and energy dispersive spectrometry. This indicates that low temperature is helpful to alleviate the aging of rubber and the weakening of the adhesion of the rubber matrix. Careers. !gM`dc /z]l`LJH RD6`v=dtD_~v q l^)&FS`10j? government site. An official website of the United States government. From the analysis of Figure 10 and Figure 11, it can be found that during the low-temperature aging test, the basic structure of the rubber and the position of the characteristic peak do not significantly change before and after aging, which indicates that during the low-temperature treatment process of 090 days, the basic chemical structure of the rubber waterstop was not obviously damaged or the damage is relatively small. The results showed that with the increase in aging temperature and aging time, the rubber hardness increased and its tensile strength decreased. Publishers Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. The Nexus 470 Fourier infrared spectrometer was produced by Nicolet (Waltham, MA, USA). [11] accelerated the aging of rubber in a hot oxygen environment and investigated the changes in the mechanical properties of rubber before and after aging and the degree of aging with aging temperature and time. FOIA %PDF-1.6 % This information is provided for reference only. Discover the OTT Parsivel, a laser disdrometer that can be used to measure all precipitation types. The With the increase in aging time, the peak intensities of CH3 at 2915 cm1 and 2841 cm1 and C=C at 1640 cm1 and 878 cm1 decreased slightly, while the peak intensities of CH2 at 1430 cm1 and CH3 at 1372 cm1 increased slightly. In the ATR-FTIR spectra, the peak at 29002800 cm1, 1430 cm1 and 1372 cm1 was assigned to CH stretching vibrations of CH2, CH3. For assistance in identifying the appropriate polymer or material, or to develop and formulate a NR or natural rubber compound to meet your specific application and performance requirements, please contact Rahco Rubber, Inc. at sales@rahco-rubber.com or 847-298-4200. The apparent morphology of the rubber is shown in Figure 6. ; investigation, W.Y. Rahco Rubber, Inc. makes no expressed or implied warranty as to any qualities, attributes, or characteristics of any polymer or material. Application of waterstop in water conservancy engineering. Enter words / phrases / DOI / ISBN / authors / keywords / etc. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Accessibility This option allows users to search by Publication, Volume and Page. Apparent morphology of the specimen after aging at low temperature. It also has good mechanical properties over a wide temperature range. Sign up for our newsletter and receive periodic engineering tips on good seal desing practices. about navigating our updated article layout. Enterp. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (. The shore hardness tester was used to test the hardness of the specimen [19]. SEM observation reveals that with the increase in aging time, the surface additive particles disappear, many protrusions appear and gradually increase in the low-temperature air environment. After 90 days, tiny holes appeared on the surface of the specimen, as shown in Figure 7c. The FTIR was operated within the scan angle range of 590and a scan speed of 5/min. and M.L. J.R. Beatty et al. This causes serious pollution to the marine environment and kills a large number of marine organisms, but natural rubber products can be recycled, and many countries have established the corresponding regulations [9]. In applications, rubber waterstop is often exposed to various environments, such as oxygen, ozone, light and temperature, so it often changes in composition and structure [5,6]. Since the lowest annual temperature in Xigaze is 25 C [16], the low-temperature environment in this paper was set at 25 C. In the aging process of these polymers, the CC double bond breaks and forms hyperoxide-hydroperoxides, which leads to the decrease in the C element and the increase in the O element on the rubber surface. The infrared spectra of the rubber waterstop in low-temperature air environment and low-temperature water environment after 18 days, 36 days, 54 days, 72 days and 90 days are shown in Figure 10 and Figure 11. Huang L.Q. Tan L.Y. The BW5 rubber waterstop with the specification of 300 mm 8 mm used in the construction joint of the real project was employed in this study. In the low-temperature water environment, the content of C element decreased by 4.16% while the content of the O element increased by 61.19% after 90 days. However, the temperature in Xigaze is low all year round, with an average temperature of 6.5 C [13]. The new PMC design is here! With the increase in aging time, the protrusions increased. ), 2Jianke Engineering Consulting Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200032, China; [emailprotected]. Unlike standard nitriles, HNBR resists ozone, sunlight, and other atmospheric environments. By continuing to browse this site you agree to our use of cookies. Meanwhile, fossil-based polymers easily burn and release gases that are harmful to the environment, such as toluene. GB/T 7759.1-2015 Petroleum and Chemical Industry Association of China, Rubber, Vulcanized or Thermoplastic-Determination of Compression Set-Part 1: At Ambient or Elevated Temperatures. %%EOF In the low-temperature water environment, the rubber matrix still maintains good adhesion. Deng Jun et al. After 54 days, the peak intensity sharply increased, and then slowly increased. How Does the Introduction of a Porous Aggregate Improve Foam Concrete 3D Printing? Analysis on climate characteristics of Shigatse in 2014. The peaks at 1640 cm1 and 878 cm1 were defined as =CH stretching vibration of the cis-1,4 structure, while the peak at 1443 cm1 was assigned to deformation vibration absorption of CO. Figure 1 shows the flow chart of our experiments. will also be available for a limited time. Xue Z.H., Liu P. Research on the recycling and reuse of waste plastics. The compression permanent deformation specimen was a B-type cylinder with a diameter of 13.0 mm 0.5 mm. The YF-8426 compression permanent deformation machine was produced by YangZhou YuanFeng Experiment Co (China). Therefore, we put the rubber waterstop in the freezing test chamber for accelerated aging, and tested its tensile strength, elongation, tear strength, compression set and hardness under different aging times, and carried out microscopic detection on the damaged specimen, trying to find the aging mechanism of rubber in the freezing environment. Tensile strength of waterstop in three different environments. Copyright document.write((new Date()).getFullYear()); Rahco Rubber, Inc. All rights reserved. 0 Five groups of specimens were prepared in two environments, and each group consisted of three tensile specimens, five tear specimens, three permanent compression deformation specimens and one hardness specimen. GB/T 5292008 Petroleum and Chemical Industry Association of China, Rubber, Vulcanizedor Thermoplastic-Determination of Tear Strength (Trouser, Angle and Crescent Test Pieces), GB/T 531.1-2008 Petroleum and Chemical Industry Association of China, Rubber, Vulcanizedor Thermoplastic-Determination of Indentation Hardness-Part 1: Duromerer Method (Shore Hardness). Or better yet, use the rubber chart to find which material will best suit your environment. ; project administration, L.Y. Environics offers stand alone permeation systems that can be used for single or multiple disposable permeation tubes. In this interview, wediscuss the company'snovel technologies and how they could revolutionize how we think about plastics. National Library of Medicine JavaScript seems to be disabled in your browser. After aging at low temperature, the surface of the specimen significantly changed. The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author. Application of rubber waterstop in water conservancy project construction. The tear specimen was of right-angle type with a thickness of 2.0 mm 0.2 mm as shown in Figure 3. The main components of the rubber waterstop are natural rubber, insoluble sulfur(S), accelerator, zinc oxide (ZnO), stearic acid (SA) and carbon black. ); [emailprotected] (M.L. Natural Rubber / Isoprene has excellent dynamic properties. ; writingoriginal draft preparation, S.L. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. The cross-sectional morphologies after 18 days, 54 days and 90 days in the low-temperature water environment are shown in Figure 8df, where a small number of additive particles appeared after 90 days, indicating that this environment can reduce the adhesion of the rubber matrix. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted The surface morphology of the rubber waterstop before and after aging is further examined by SEM and is shown in Figure 7. If you are looking for detailed rubber specifications such as tensile specs in psi or elongation percentages for our rubber materials, go to our rubber specifications section. The reason for this is that the rubber main chain and side chain of the molecular chain and crosslinking chain fracture happens, simultaneously creating new crosslinking, whereas in the low-temperature environment, the rubber molecular chain is in a new crosslinking reaction, thus showing surface hardening after aging and brittle crack, namely due to its decreasing tensile strength, elongation, tear strength and compression permanent deformation. The peak value of CO group at 1002 cm1 obviously decreased, and the change in peak value at 3237 cm1 was the same as that in the dry environment. Considering the constant change of the dam water level in this project [14], the rubber waterstop buried in the dam may be above or below the water surface in different seasons, so the low-temperature environment is divided into low-temperature air environment and low-temperature water environment. The average temperature in the coldest month (January) is 3.2 C while the average temperature in the hottest month (July) is 14.6 C [14].

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