This forces us to acknowledge that we cannot finally give the answer to the question: What is the nature of the value attributed to the aesthetic experience? 7 No. Therefore, readers often need to re-read pages to find hints as to the motivations of the characters. Assunto also indicates that the medieval thinkers principally differentiated between the concepts of the Beautiful and Art, quite in contrast to the Renaissance. Seeing the success of western democracy, these authors, and their audiences, wanted to follow a similar path. The notion of man determines any correspondent theory concerning the value of aesthetic experience. However, it does not do that because it excels in special literary or other qualities but rather primarily because it reacts to situations in life which increasingly resemble each other, in spite of differing national environments, especially in the so-called capitalist countries.[vi]. 28 (Kyoto, Japan, March 2001) 77-119. Tonang Lubis. Ahmad . He suggests that we should rethink whether our devotion to pure art celebrated since the Renaissance is the only way we can satisfy our aesthetic instincts. According to him, we do not have to wait for Marxists to ask ourselves whether the only flag under which art should sail is Lart pour lart. Similarly Ulrich Weisstein: Whether literature is art in the narrow sense of the word may remain unanswered. According to him, a literary work or tradition which is valuable in itself independently of what anyone has said or will say about it does not exist. Siti Sara Binti Hj. Shamsuddin, Certainly, there were also other kinds of cultural colonialism besides the Western one, e.g., that of the Arab culture in Mogul India and of the Chinese in all of its satellite states.- But we are accustomed to distinguishing these cultural spheres as a whole, while we are not always aware of the far reach of our own cultural influence. 11 (2019): Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal, Art of the article and its technical characteristics in the modern age, Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal: Vol. The Hebrew Bible which was written sometime between the 10th and 6th centuries BCE became the basis for the Christian Bible which has changed the Western culture and literature forever. Later, he tried to demonstrate that Kants category of disinterested pleasure [xi] as well as his definition of taste were not new. He regrets that in our ecumenical age everyone tries to appreciate everything, and asks whether this esthetical use of many things does not inevitably lead to their misuse. <> Siti Sara Binti Hj. The influence of the Jewish and Arabic literatures on the worlds literary art, however, extends beyond ancient literary works. As Horst Steinmetz has correctly established, Goethe meant predominantly European literature with his concept, not a list of great books, comprising Arab, Chinese, Indian, Japanese or Persian ones, as would be taught nowadays at an American college. (2020). 2 (2020): Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal, Muammadiyah Fact or Complete Human in the theory of Pantheism to Ibn Arab, Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal: Vol. In eastern novels its not so explicit. It is especially interesting for us that Bharata advocated the opinion that all psychological formation has to be subordinated to one main emotional impact, a view that was held by Aristotle for the tragedy. For instance, a Western critic might consider political periodization an extrinsic type of classification when applied to the development of the arts, but in China art was generally viewed as an integral part of government and society, and there was no initial distinction between ethical and artistic standards of judgement [] Rankings of poets in broad groupings are likely to have been influenced by extra-artistic factors such as social position or political career , Similarly , Maureen Robertson: From a modern Western point of view, period schemes borrowed from political and intellectual history are to be termed extrinsic, not being based on evidence taken exclusively from the art objects themselves. A different version in English was published in the Journal of Comparative Literature and Aesthetics Vol. (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); In the western novels, authors often take a lot of time to describe characters feelings. We are not allowed to project Western criteria on either if we do not want to miss the typical character of Indian creativity. Due to these cultures becoming dramatically close, both types of writing are getting more and more similar. 0000022540 00000 n | Kira Lei Chen Grade 7. 0000002105 00000 n Willy R. Berger expresses his scepticism of fruitful comparisons in the following manner: As much as we wish to agree with Etiembles exhortations that Comparative Literature should push beyond mere registration of historical connections towards an esthetical analysis of comparable works, we still have to doubt that a comparison between a Chinese novel of the Ming-dynasty and a European novel of the Baroque period can yield anything besides those abstract conditions sine qua non du poeme which equal the Platonic detachment and ubiquity of Staigers basic concepts.. But as a result of the world becoming more closely connected, other Eastern literary forms and styles have found their way into the Western market as well and opened a whole new world to the Western readers. Salahuddin Mohd. [] In the nineteenth century, the artist, detached from the give-and-take of well-functioning social relations, is typified by isolated loners pursuing their own standard and taste, which more often than not are not shared by the public.- The situation first described might have been part of the fascination that, for example, the island of Bali exerted on anthropologists and especially artists. This can be traced back to history; most eastern countries were authoritarian regimes until World War , so writers had more ideas about going against the government. We focused on the Divan school, the Apollo school and Diaspora School, especially the nature of poetry and truth of free modern realist poetry. We hope to bring the Eastern literature closer to you and make the choice of your next book a little bit easier. This last view is not entirely new. (X. Similar affect achieved the Quran, the most important and the finest example of Arabic literary art which has profoundly influenced the literary development in the Muslim world as well as in countries that used to be under Muslim control. 0000003249 00000 n There are various stages of the latter to be observed which Rudolf Arnheim describes well: In early societies, performers and art makers are so closely integrated in the community that their motivational objectives coincide with those of the group. Chinese drama, which rather should be called operetta (or Singspielin German) developed in the 12th century; the novel in the 14th. But who is to decide which periods are roughly comparable? Arman Bin H. Asmad, 0000001585 00000 n They believed that the latter was completely inherent in stylistic excellence and poetical figures., - Publication as eBook and book SSE-UK is an Open Access publisher empowering researchers to accelerate progress in basic applied and interdisciplinary sciences by leading a transformation in research communication. When Germany, after the confessional wars, made a first attempt at developing a kind of national literature, the Indian classicism was long over. Compared to eastern novels, writing styles are totally different. [ii] Yu: The use of the more peculiarly Western critical concepts and categories in the study of Chinese literature is, in principle, no more inappropriate than the classical scholars use of modern techniques and methods for his study of ancient materials. 0000014404 00000 n As a result of limited contacts, Japanese, Chinese and Indian literatures caught the attention of the Western world relatively late. 2022 Taipei Teen TribuneAn Englist Co., Ltd. publication. Link between East and West; Arabic literature; Western literature; Features of influence between them; Renewal movement in Arabic literature. Authors put a lot of implied ideas in the dialog. 4 (2019): Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal, Ancient History of Arabian Peninsula and Semitic Arab Tribes, Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal: Vol. - By recommending again a strict differentiation between these two concepts (see my articles, 1990.1998, and 2000), we only return to the old and proven. Salahuddin Mohd. Even the autonomous mode of existence of poetry is hinted at when in rasa-theory two kinds of emotions are differentiated, private ones (related to the poets life) and general or fictitious ones, which are supposed to be the true material of poetry.-. %PDF-1.7 % 0000003016 00000 n Shamsuddin, But even if it were, it would not enable us to explain why certain works of literature have been selected and passed on as exemplary, and others not. 0000023144 00000 n [] However, in regards to the latter the Indians were taking specialization to a much greater extreme than we did and subdivided some forms of presentation which we subsume under one name (e.g, comparison), into many special figures. H.S in: Yearbook of Comparative and General Literature 37. 0000006728 00000 n <<2F614A6CE6ACB2110A00C0A8A978FC7F>]/Prev 174392>> All the changes of climate, government, religion, and language, have not been able to obscure his glory., [ix] Pauline Yu begins an important essay with the sentence: Given the eclectic, syncretic, and nonsystematic nature of most Chinese literary criticism, it is possible to find support for virtually any theory of literature in the works of a particular critic.. Our Homer is neither identical with the Homer of the middle ages, nor is our Shakespeare the one of his contemporaries; various historical periods have constructed a different Homer and Shakespeare for their own purposes and found in their texts elements of various value, even though these texts were not necessarily the same.-. 0000007454 00000 n Shamsuddin, [vi] Comp. Writers wont directly state how the characters feel, so they do it in the dialog. Tragedy is unknown and in our terminology we should rather call Indian plays libretti (which, by the way, also applies to Chinese plays). However, Wolfhart Heinrichs[vii] points to the surprising fact that in classical Arabic there is no comparable concept to literature and that while the concept literature in a Western context immediately evokes the popular trinity of epic, lyrical, dramatic, its application to the Arabic high literature yields two deficits (epic and drama), which leaves the third category not particularly effective.. James W. Manns asks: Even if we were to accept the whole of the Kantian account of beauty, there is room to wonder whether any one of us could ever actually be in a position to certify, Yes, I have now set aside all personal, individuating concerns and have achieved a state of total disinterestedness. It may feel that way to us, and yet we may be overlooking the simplest of distractions or attractions that is responsible for the delight we are experiencing., As to Kants claim, that all people feel similar in regards to taste, Manns suggests that in Kants sentence Our judgements are universalizable because we are like-minded individuals the word because should be replaced by to the degree that (169). [] Because theology was the dominant intellectual passion of the race, oriental art is largely dominated by theology. 137 0 obj They never tired of defining them and of finding examples of them in literature or of making them up [] For a long time, this task was occupying the theoreticians to such a degree that they did not even pose the question of the essence of poetry. Many works and authors from all historical periods received a major international attention and are regularly listed among the greatest masterpieces of all times such as the One Thousand and One Nights and the Diary of a Young Girl by Anne Frank for instance. They succeeded admirably in grammar where they only had to examine their language, and they were in an equally advantageous position in poetics [] Their school books contain a wealth of carefully selected stanzas. We also dealt with the features of renewal in Arabic literature, Arabic poetry and its schools in the modern era. We might just as well say: sufficiently remote cultures are those before (or outside) the Western domination in the colonial period. - The comparatist experience should teach us precisely the opposite: Firstly, that masterworks have not been selected mainly according to esthetic standards, and secondly, that such standards are in any case not the same for sufficiently remote cultures. <>stream Ahmad. 10 (2019): Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal, Assessment And Testing In Counselling Practice, Explaining Ethnicity: Primordialism vs. Instrumentalism, An Application of Timmons Model in the Mini Entrepreneurial Logistics Project, An Overview of Experiential Learning in Nursing Education, Services for Science and Education Ltd, United Kingdom. [] There are great works of literature which resemble wines that do not travel well.. endobj Arman b. Asmad , - Completely free - with ISBN No one can be at the same time a specialist in Indian, Chinese, Japanese and various other literatures and read the original source literature of all the scholars that I quoted. 0000001982 00000 n 7 No. 2 (2019): Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal, Comparison between the two poets of Islam, Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal: Vol. Interesting in this context is the following observation by Anita Silvers: Ours is by no means the first age to be destabilized by the increasing prominence of multicultural diversity. We mean precisely those cultures that had not yet reached the stage of mutual interaction, exchange, and influence that was meant by Goethe when he coined in 1827 his concept of World Literature[v]. Our value judgements can only be focused on aesthetic objects (our experience of works) and not on artistic objects. Features of impact between Eastern and Western Literature. 0000006087 00000 n This influence was either through the translation, or through reading in the original languages of Western literature, and this second method was more influential in modern Arabic literature, because translation loses many of the characteristics of artistic literatures that have a close connection with the language.. We mentioned in this research the link between East and West, and between Arab literature and European literature, and the features of impact between them through the process of transferring the literary heritage from East to West through several crossings, and its study to extract the literary and cultural treasures through the efforts of missionaries from Orientalists that were the first nucleus of modern Western civilization. Authors wishing to include figures, tables, or text passages that have already been published elsewhere are required to obtain permission from the copyright owner(s) for both the print and online format and to include evidence that such permission has been granted when submitting their papers. We hear the same from a modern specialist, Helmut Hoffmann: For Indian literature it has to be considered as typical that [] the borderlines between poetic and scholarly literature remain indistinct. Siti Sara Binti Hj. 5 No. All the discussed Eastern literatures Jewish, Arabic, Indian, Chinese and Japanese have produced a wealth of works which enable you to discover a whole new world. Together, we will go through the development of the main Eastern literatures over time, and the most prominent works and authors. The first theoretical treatment of plays is especially interested in the sung interludes and their presentation (Dolezelova-Velingerova). Shamsuddin, S., & Ahmad, S. S. bint H. . This was necessitated by the topic. 0000000016 00000 n 104 0 obj 0000010532 00000 n 0000004740 00000 n 0000004186 00000 n Chinese Ming-dynasty novels were roughly contemporary with German Baroque novels. XXIV, Nos. We cannot take it for granted that such a historically adequate approach is at all possible for comparative aesthetics (Eliot Deutsch) or ethnopoetics (Tim Ingold). Easternbooks.co.uk will introduce you to the Eastern literature and help you choose a book which you will enjoy reading, can give as a memorable graduation gift or birthday gift and open your horizons. Your email address will not be published. [xi] corresponding to T.S. To stay with Indian poetics, again and again Western naturalism is rejected. Despite that, many works and authors received a huge success on the international literary scene, while their popularity tends to be on the rise because they offer a unique insight into the Far Eastern philosophy, culture and mentality which is strikingly different from that in the West. What do we mean by sufficiently remote cultures? 0000002509 00000 n While Arnheim writes about art in general, Terry Eagleton[viii] concentrates on literature only, and at the same time tackles the question of whether aesthetic values are universal or culturally relative. He recommends dropping once and for all the idea of literature as an eternal and immutable category. 0000002302 00000 n 7 No. Mohd. The author directly tells the readers how the character feels. Instead, they explain the characters emotions by describing reactions of an outsider. 0000004939 00000 n Mihaly Szegedy-Maszak: My perception is that the precise boundaries of Weltliteratur have not been sufficiently fixed. Any material received without such evidence will be assumed to originate from the authors. They want social justice. According to Ingarden, each individual reader has to (re)create the aesthetic object by filling in the points of indeterminacy in the artistic object. Homers Iliad (the art object) is not the same as our experience of it (the aesthetic object). Therefore this value is necessarily relative: there are as many valid decisions in respect to value as there are valid ideas of man. Drugs arent a crime, its an illness | Felix Tsai Grade 10, Cum nsufleim viaa trind n ora - home 4 life, 4 reasons why living in the city is better than living in the countryside | Victor Lu Grade 10, Why teenagers need art therapy | Victor Lu Grade 12, Are cram schools for kids, or are they really for parents? 0000003852 00000 n It did not represent a category of its own merit, qualitatively differing from dresses, tools or weapons (15ff) [] The moral meaning of a work of art roughly corresponds to what we would call now its promotional appeal. Even for Lukacss understanding of the typical and the exemplary there are analogies in early Indian theory. Even when the arts become specialities reserved for certain individuals, there is in early societies no noticeable distinction between the objectives of the artists and those of the community. Ahmad. It is easy to understand characters perceptions. And even less the idea of art as a subjective human creation [] What we now call a work of art was for the Middle Ages a thing created for a useful purpose. Shamsuddin, This makes us aware of two possible perspectives for evaluating literature, i.e., our present (mostly Western) one and a historical reconstruction of ways of viewing works that do not seem to fit our criteria. The difference to our present concept lies in the fact that we consider it to be a deficiency if a work of art is promotional or didactical. Required fields are marked *. By carefully comparing observations made by specialists in Chinese, Indian, Japanese, and Western literature concerning problems of literary values, canon-formation, and the concept of literature itself, the author tries to answer some of the most pertinent questions in comparative aesthetics and ethnopoetics, specifically: [i], Are literatures of radically different cultures comparable regarding literary values ?- Do universal literary values exist?- Do literary values remain the same within the development of one culture?- Does the fact that certain works of literature have been valued over centuries indicate that eternal values exist?-, Is the concept of literature the same in radically different cultures?- Does it remain the same within the development of one culture?- Are the basic genres (the lyric, epic, and dramatic) comparable?- Are certain analogous phenomena in Indian and Western literature indicative of basic similarities between these literatures?-, Is at least the theory deduced from these literatures similar?- Is a unified theory of literature desirable?- Are literary canons established mainly according to perceived aesthetic values in the selected works?-, If the answer to all of the questions above is NO, wherein lie the basic differences between Eastern and Western literatures?-. The function of Ingardens spots of indeterminacy (Unbestimmtheitsstellen) were anticipated when the evocative character of good poetry was stressed again and again. Doctrines are not derived by means of abstract deduction, but rather demonstrated by examples from literature. For a balanced picture we need to emphasize characteristic differences between East and West. And, unfortunately, eastern novels are losing their own features to cater to this new market. Not only do variants in its sub-groups cause the concept literature to fluctuate, so also do the different meanings it receives from its social embedding. Ahmad. 0000030327 00000 n Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. 104 34 The strongest feature of eastern novels is definitely dialogue. Shamsuddin, 0000011752 00000 n 6 No. We have to ask: What makes (or since when is) literature literature in our sense of the concept? Authors make lots of similes to describe the characters inner world.

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eastern literature characteristics